The Spatial Distribution of Tourist Sites in Samosir, North Sumatera

The spatial distributions of tourist sites is one of basic components to formulating the tourism development policy based on their characteristics and promote tourist sites. GIS technology very helpfull to develop many kinds of sectors including tourism sectors. This research aims to map the distribution of tourist sites in Samosir District. The data used are compiled from observation and survey. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using Arc GIS software to obtain the map of tourist sites in Samosir district. The results reveals that almost 75 tourist attractions spread in 9 subdistricts in Samosir. Distribution of most sites is located mostly in the subdistrict of Simanindo and least in Sitiotio district. Tourism supporting infrastructure facilities such as hotels and other accommodations are also most in Simanindo district.


Introduction
Samosir became one of the famous destination of tourism in Indonesia. Samosir offers natural attractions and a wealth of unique local culture to atrack the tourists. Samosir regency keeps the history of Batak ethnic origin. Various relics of the history of the Batak kingdom be evidence of the past tribal life such as the Tomb of the King, Stone Trials and others. Not only that, in terms of culture also contribute to the development of tourism, especially the culture of Batak tribe such as custom events, ulos crafts and so forth. Natural attractions are distributed in every subdistrict in Samosir. However, not all potential objects are popular and visited by tourists.
Geographic information Systems (GIS) is one amongst the most outstanding technologic innovations in touristry designing and decision making. Both GIS and tourism share a typical characteristic, that is, each cross the boundaries of disciplines and application areas. GIS has been applied in several fields together with geography, forestry, urban development and designing, and environmental studies (Hermon, 2009;Baviskar, 2017;Hermon, 2017). GIS can be used in tourism as a decision supporting tool for sustainable tourism planning, impact assessment, visitor flow management, and tourism site selection. Therefore, the potential for GIS applications in tourism is significant. Geographic Information System (GIS) has been recognized as a useful tool by a wide range of disciplines in managing, storing, analyzing and visualizing the spatial and non-spatial data.
The outcomes of GIS analysis demonstrate the spatial visualization of the lodging evolution and geographical distribution trends within the study areas. This study provides tourism planners, local authorities, hotel entrepreneurs and potential developers with insights into the planning and constructing of new tourist accommodations according to potential development sites/areas (Othman et al, 2010;Hermon, 2010;Hermon, 2012). Tourism with its focus on travel movements and the transfer of peoples, goods and services spatially and temporally is essentially a geographical phenomenon (Williams, 2009;Hermon, 2015;Oktorie, 2017;Hermon, 2019). The tourist resources are spatially distributed across spaces in countries, and geographies, this entails understanding the spatial dimensions of tourism and geographical unpacking of the uneven patterns and distribution of resources as key socio-economic development (Rogerson, 2014;. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to map the spatial distribution of natural attractions, history and culture as well as the object of spiritual/religious tourism in Samosir District. From the result of this study, tourists can be more familiar with the distribution of sites throughout the District of Samosir. This of course can be used as a tourism promotion medium.

Method
Qualitative approach are used in this research. The data are compiled from observation and survey. The research location covers 9 subdistrict namely Sitiotio, Simanindo, Pangururan, Sianjur Mula-mula, Harian, Nainggolan, Onanrunggu, Palipi, and Ronggur Nihuta. In each district, tourism inventory is then classified into several categories, namely (1) natural tourism (geophysical-landscape atraction, natural atraction); (2) historical tourism; (3) culture tourism; (4) religious tourism; (Department of Tourism, Art and Culture of Samosir District in BPS, 2016;Brown et al., 2007). The coordinates of its area determined by using Global Positioning System. Furthermore, the spatial and attribute data were analyzed using Arc GIS software to produce the map of tourism sites in Samosir District . The research flow diagram can be seen in the following scheme:

Result and Discussion
There are 75 tourist sites spread in 9 subdistricts in Samosir District. Of these, as many as 39 objects (52%) are natural sites, 14 historical sites (18.67%), 9 cultural sites (12%), 12 historical and cultural sites (16%), and 1 spiritual attraction (0.013%). Most destinations are in Simanindo subdistrict and at least in Sitiotio subdistrict. Whereas tourism facilities are needed in the development of tourist destinations (Jovanovic, 2008). Tourist attraction would be of little value of it's locations were inaccessible by transportation. Physical isolation and inadequate transport facilities are, clearly, handicaps to tourism. The following are the names of tourist sites per sub-district in Samosir District are grouped based on the type of tourist sites equipped with distribution map.

Simanindo Subdistrict
Simanindo area is 198.20 km² (13.72% of the region of Samosir district). The capital of the subdistrict is Ambarita. There are 58 hotels (1326 rooms) and other accommodation to support 19 tourist sites in this area. Only 1 hotel which is a 1 star hotel. Others, consist of 2 star hotels totaling 5 buildings; class I jasmine hotels amounted to 30 buildings; class II jasmine hotel amounted to 17 buildings; and class III jasmine hotel amounted to 5 buildings. Tourism sites in Subdistrict of Simanindo can be observed in Table 1 below:

Subdistrict of Pangururan
Its area is 121.43 km² with a capital subdistrict is Pangururan. There are 18 jasmine hotels (12 Iclass jasmine hotels, 4 second-class jasmine hotels, 2 3-star jasmine hotels) with 315 rooms. Tourist sites in Pangururan subdistrict can be observed in Table 2. Distribution of the tourist sites in Pangururan Subdistrict showed in Figure 3 below:

Subdistrict of Sitiotio
Covers an area of 50.76 km² with capital of subdistrict is Sabulan. Sitiotio Subdistrict has no hotel or other accommodation that supports 3 tourist sites in this area. The sites can be observed in Table 3. Distribution of the tourist sites in Sitiotio Subdistrict showed in Figure 4.

Subdistrict of Palipi
Its area of 129.55 km² with the capital of the subdistrict is Mogang. Its position is located on the west side of the lake adjacent to the Simanindo Subdistrict, on the east side of the lake. Tourist sites in this area are shown in Table 4 and Figure 5. Pemandian Air Panas Simbolon Natural

Subdistrict of Sianjur Mula-mula
The area of 140,24 km² with the capital of the subdistrict is Ginolat. The region is surrounded by hills and paddy fields. Pusuk Buhit is one of a hill peak in this region, 1972 masl (meters above sea level), based on the local mythology is believed to be the point of origin of Batak tribe originated. Sianjur Mulamula has 15 tourist sites. List of sites in the Sianjur Mula-mula subdistrict can be observed in Table 5 and Figure 6.

Subdistrict of Nainggolan
The total area of 87,86 km², with the subdistrict capital is Nainggolan. Tourist sites in this area are shown in Table 7 below.

Table 7. Distribution of Tourist Sites in Nainggolan Subdistrict
Distribution of the tourist sites in Nainggolan Subdistrict Showed in Figure 8:

Subdistrict of Harian Boho
Its total area is 560.45 km² (its territory is the widest compared to 8 other districts). The subdistrict capital is Harian Boho. Tourist destinations in this area are shown in Table 8.

Kecamatan Ronggur Nihuta
Covers an area of 94,87 km² with capital of subdistrict is Ronggur Nihuta. All of tourist sites in Ronggur Nihuta Subdistrict are natural sites. This subdistrict has a list of tourist attractions shown in Table 9 and Figure 10

Conclusion
There are 39 natural tourist attractions, 14 historical attractions, 9 cultural attractions, 12 historical and cultural attractions and 1 spiritual attraction/religion. Distribution of most attractions are in Subdistrict of Simanindo (19 attractions), and in Sianjur Mula-mula (15 attractions). While, the rest is in 7 other subdistricts; Pangururan (10 attractions), Harian (7 attractions), Ronggur Nihuta (7 attractions), Onanrunggu (5 attractions), Nainggolan (5 attractions), Palipi (4 attractions), and Sitiotio (3 attractions). Tourism supporting facilities such as hotels and other accommodation are located in subdistricts of Simanindo (58 star hotels and jasmine classes), 18 jasmine-class hotels in Pangururan Sub-district, 4 jasmine-class hotels in Nainggolan Sub-district and 2 jasmine-class hotels in Palipi Subdistrict. While in other subdistricts do not have accommodation facilities. Spatial knowlege and distributions of tourist sites should assist policy makers and service providers in market segmentation, planning, and product expansion to local and international tourists .